某天线加速贮存试验与寿命评估方法研究

目的对某天线进行加速贮存试验研究,利用试验数据进行寿命评估,得到产品的加速因子。方法通过步降应力试验方法对某天线的12台产品进行了四个不同应力量级的高温加速贮存试验,获得产品的退化数据。分别采取两种加速模型对试验数据进行处理,对比确定最优评估方法。结果采用基于漂移布朗运动的加速模型评估得到产品的激活能,从而求出加速因子和贮存寿命。结论步降应力试验方法能加速产品损伤的累积,便于快速获得产品的性能退化数据,而基于漂移布朗运动的评估方法为天线类产品的寿命评估提供了一种新的参考方法。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR TIME SERIES MODELS FOR WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Surface water quality data are routinely collected in river basins by state or federal agencies. The observed quality of river water generally reflects the overall quality of the ecosystem of the river basin. Advanced statistical methods are often needed to extract valuable information from the vast amount of data for developing management strategies. Among the measured water quality constituents, total phosphorus is most often the limiting nutrient in freshwater aquatic systems. Relatively low concentrations of phosphorus in surface waters may create eutrophication problems. Phosphorus is a non-conservative constituent. Its time series generally exhibits nonlinear behavior. Linear models are shown to be inadequate. This paper presents a nonlinear state-dependent model for the phosphorous data collected at DeSoto, Kansas. The nonlinear model gives significant reductions in error variance and forecasting error as compared to the best linear autoregressive model identified.     

COMPARING THE PALMER DROUGHT INDEX AND THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX1

ABSTRACT: The Palmer Drought Index (PDI) is used as an indicator of drought severity, and a particular index value is often the signal to begin or discontinue elements of a drought contingency plan. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was recently developed to quantify a precipitation deficit for different time scales. It was designed to be an indicator of drought that recognizes the importance of time scales in the analysis of water availability and water use. This study compares historical time series of the PDI with time series of the corresponding SPI through spectral analysis. Results show that the spectral characteristics of the PDI vary from site to site throughout the U.S., while those of the SPI do not vary from site to site. They also show that the PDI has a complex structure with an exceptionally long memory, while the SPI is an easily interpreted, simple moving average process.     

麻疯树胚乳愈伤组织诱导及其污染消除

经过比较分析各种消毒方法,获得了较为理想的麻疯树(Jatrophacurcas)胚乳愈伤组织,并动态观察其类型、形态特征、增殖速率和形态发生能力,为麻疯树胚乳植株再生及愈伤组织和细胞培养生产药用成分奠定了基础.以麻疯树成熟胚乳为外植体进行愈伤组织的诱导,测试0.4mg/L的分裂素(BA、KT与TDZ)与2.0mg/L的生长素(IAA、IBA、NAA与2,4D)搭配组合的诱导效果.结果表明,对胚乳愈伤诱导效果而言,2.0mg/L的2,4D效果最好,NAA的效果次之,IBA又次之,IAA的效果最差.BA和KT诱导效果差异不显著,TDZ的添加可促进胚乳愈伤组织的诱导.选择适宜的消毒剂(种类、浓度)和消毒(处理)时间对胚乳外植体的接种成功具有至关重要的作用.在本试验所采取的灭菌方式中,用70%酒精处理30s,然后用10%NaClO处理25min,灭菌效果最佳,同时对胚乳外植体的生长影响最小.图3表1参23     

三维电极体系中苯酚降解效率的影响因素研究

三维电极法用于处理含酚废水的影响因素研究报道较多,但并未充分在理论上阐述其影响方式及机理。采用自制的实验室小试电化学反应器对含酚自配废水进行了处理。试验结果表明:体系中苯酚降解遵循一级反应模式;通过电流效率的核算确定60min作为最佳反应时间,得到的苯酚去除率为64.3%,吨水处理能耗为14.29kW·h·t-1,实际电流效率与理论电流效率相等为0.68。对体系进水控制不同的苯酚起始质量浓度,当反应时间不变时,实际试验结果与法拉第定律一致,即电流密度与去除的污染物的量以及COD去除率与电量和进水质量浓度的比值均呈线性关系;体系中羟基自由基的产生量能够采用式[?OH]=0.1218×EC0进行计算。采用最佳反应时间t=60min、电流密度I=20A,在苯酚质量浓度为500mg·L-1时改变极板间距进行的试验结果表明电压随极板间距的增大而降低,最佳极板间距为0.21m时可获得最大去除率为78.5%,体系的启动电压为0.25V。     

Application of the One-Migrant-per-Generation Rule to Conservation and Management

Abstract:  Endangered species are commonly found in several (partially) isolated populations dispersed on different fragments of a habitat, natural reserve, or zoo. A certain level of connectivity among such populations is essential for maintaining genetic variation within and between populations to allow local and global adaptation and for preventing inbreeding depression. A rule of thumb widely accepted by the conservation community is that one migrant per generation (OMPG) into a population is the appropriate level of gene flow. This rule is based on Wright's study of his island model under a long list of simplifying assumptions. I examined the robustness of the OMPG rule to the violation of each of the many assumptions, quantifying the effect with population genetics theory. I showed that, when interpreted as one effective migrant per generation, OMPG is generally valid for real populations departing from the ideal model in the discrepancies of actual (  N ) and effective (  N_e  ) population sizes and actual ( m ) and effective ( m_e  ) migration rates. I also addressed the issue of converting the effective number of migrants (  M_e= N_em_e  ) into the actual number of migrants ( M = Nm  ) of a certain age and sex. In particular, N_e < N , a case common for natural populations, did not necessarily require M > M_e to maintain a certain level of differentiation among populations. Rather, translating the elusive M_e into the manageable M depends on the specific causes (e.g., biased sex ratio, reproductive skew) that lead to N_e < N .     

发电厂附近大气气溶胶元素浓度的监测

用Ｓｔｒｅａｋｅｒ时间顺序采样器在火力发电厂附近连续收集大气气溶胶样品，这些样品在２×１．７ＭＶ串列加速器上用２．５ＭｅＶ的质子进行ＰＩＸＥ分析，得到了大气气溶胶粗，细颗粒物中２１个元素浓度及其时间的短时变化，显示了主要污染源方向的信息，结果表明，元素Ｓｉ，Ｋ，Ｚｎ和Ａｓ的浓度高于北京地区冬天的水平，Ｂｒ／Ｐｂ的比值为０．１６（ｎ＝４４），高于一般地区。     

吸附反应时间对除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

采用批量动态实验方法,对潮土中阿特拉津吸附特征随吸附反应时间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随反应时间的变化符合双曲线函数关系。在50μg·L-1～2000μg·L-1浓度系列下,在48h内,土壤颗粒对阿特拉津的吸附属于快反应,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随吸附反应时间呈指数上升,为吸附实验结束(168h)时土壤吸附阿特拉津总量的58%到90%。当吸附反应时间超过48h后,随反应时间增加,土壤吸附阿特拉津量差异变化不显著。阿特拉津在潮土颗粒和土壤溶液中的相分配可用Freundlich方程描述。吸附容量因子Kf与吸附反应时间之间有极显著的线性正关系(r2=0.9063**,p<0.0001)。无量纲的非线性因子n与吸附反应时间之间也具有显著的线性负关系(r2=0.5666*,p=0.0192)。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.